Origins of World War II Essay Example for Free

Origins of World War II Essay After the end of the First World War, the statesmen of all the major countries felt that such alarming war must anyhow be averted in order to ensure international peace, security and safety. This is why the League of Nations was set up and it was believed that such a ‘multinational’ organization would be able to peacefully settle all international disputes and guarantee peace and security in the international sphere. However, the success or failure of the League actually depended upon the attitude and activity of its members, particularly the Big Powers. But, unfortunately, soon it was found that the major Powers were at cross purposes. They adopted their foreign policy in their own interest and showed little respect to the principles underlying the League of Nations. Particularly, the dream of three allies – Germany, Japan and Italy was fundamentally different from the ideals of the Western Powers and Soviet Russia. The Trio (Germany, Japan and Italy) intended to have some share in the Afro-Asian areas which had already been divided among the Western Powers. Thus, it was really a conflict between two policies – â€Å"status quo† and â€Å"New Order†. Flouting the League The first shock to League of Nations was given by Japan. In 1931 Japan violated the League Covenant and the Kellogg Pact by occupying the Chinese territory of Manchuria and setting up a puppet state there. China appealed to the League which condemned this act of aggression and appointed a commission under Lord Litton to report. But the fulmination of the League had no effect on Japan who, when the commission’s report went against her, withdrew from the League in 1933. The defection of Japan was a serious blow to the League. But worse was to come when Germany had begun secretly rearm to arm as soon as Hitler came into power. But after the failure of the Disarmament Conference, Hitler came into the open. In 1935, he repudiated those clauses of the Treaty of Versailles which had imposed limitations on her armed strength, and reintroduced conscription. In the next year he denounced the Locarno Treaty and re-occupied and refortified those zones of the Rhineland, which had been demilitarized by the Treaty of Versailles. The Great Powers were at cross purposes and so nothing was done to resist Hitler’s insolent violation of the treaty obligations. Italy under Mussolini pursued an imperial policy and in 1935 made an unprovoked attack upon Abyssinia, a member of the League. The emperor of Abyssinia, Haile Selassie, appealed to the League against the act of wanton aggression. The League declared Italy to be the aggressor and recommended the application of economic sanctions. The Italian campaign was short, swift and brutal. After some resistance Haile Selassie fled abroad and his capital Addis Ababa was occupied by Italian troops. The King of Italy was proclaimed Emperor of Abyssinia. Italy withdrew from the League of Nations in 1936. Foreign Policies and International Relations When Hitler came to power he was pledge to recover for Germany the position of power and importance which she had held before the First World War. He envisaged the formation of a ‘Third Reich’ or empire which would include all Germans in a new or greater German state. This involved the ultimate absorption of Germans in a new or greater German state. This involved the ultimate absorption of German-populated regions of Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland. The dictated treated treaty which Germany had been forced to accept stood in the way of realizing his ambition. Hence Hitler was determined to tear away the Treaty of Versailles which had imposed humiliating restrictions upon Germany, and to make her a power to reckon with. His first significant step in this direction was to withdraw from the Disarmament Conference and to announce a program of conscription. Next he left the League of Nations and openly flouted it by occupying the demilitarized Rhineland. England, France tamely acquiesced in this violation of treaty obligation and so Hitler was encouraged to take larger risks. The Phony War-the events of Europe especially the civil war associated with Spain prove beyond doubt that the shadow of Fascism was falling across Europe, long before the actual outbreak of World War II. The Spanish civil war which broke out in 1936 was an event of utmost importance. It has been aptly called the ‘Little World War’ because it involved all other powers. The Spanish civil war was a prelude to World War II. In Spain, Italy and Germany is defiance of the principal ‘Collective Security’ undermined a democratic government and Britain and France demonstrated a complete callousness which resulted in the victory of Fascism in Spain. The outcome of Spanish Civil War foreshadowed that, in future, Fascisms might apply the same tactics on a bigger scale. The smoldering discontent against monarchy forced Alfonzo XIII of Spain to leave the country in April 1931. Immediately afterwards President Zamora declared Spain to be republic. In Spain the extreme republicans started anti-clerical riots and centrifugal tendencies demonstrated themselves in the attempt to establish autonomy in Catalonia and certain other provinces. The election of the Constitutional Assembly on June 28, 1931, showed a definite landslide for republicanism and in the Cortes the socialists with 117 seats became the largest single group. Spain adopted a radical republican constitution based on German, Soviet and Mexican model with a president and a cabinet responsible to the Cortes. The Church was deprived of its hold over education and civil liberties were guaranteed. Expropriation of the large landed estates proceeded apace. Most of these reforms were carried out by the radical minister Manuel Asana. In the election of 1933 the Asana government fell the Cortes was dominated by a moderate coalition ministry which did not enforce the laws against landed estates and church. Premier Lerroux tried to establish a pro-Fascist government and suppressed the radical opposition. President Zamora now dissolved the Cortes and ordered fresh election in 1936. In the election of February, 1936, the popular Front parties composed to republicans’ socialists and communists secured 258 seats and the right parties 215. Asana became the president and Santiago Cascaras Quiroga became the Premier. The government had to face immediate opposition from unruly groups like Spanish Phalanx and the Army. The attempt of the Government to steer a middle course failed to quell disturbances and the Fascists after careful preparation staged a military revolt on June 18. Military revolts took place in a number of garrison towns in Spain and Spanish Morocco. During the Spanish imbroglio Hitler had learnt all he needed about the weakness of the victors of Versailles. He had found that this intervention in Spain had not met with any resistance from the powers and so he was emboldened to embark upon a policy of naked aggression. He turned his attention to Austria whose union with Germany had been expressly prohibitive by the treaty of Versailles. He encouraged Nazi agitation within Austria, bullied the Austrian chancellor into appointing a Nazi minister and forced him to agree to conduct foreign affairs as Germany’s dictator. Germany and Italy were naturally interested in installing a Fascist power in Spain. The Salazar government of Portugal saw in the radical republic the germs of Bolshevik state and activity aided and abetted in its downfall. Italy and Germany saw in the rise of a Fascist Spain great advantage to their cause. Ideologically the adherence of Spain would help the spread of Fascism and materially it would weaken France increase the possibility of exploiting Spanish mines and raw materials in a future war against democracies and strengthen the hold of Italy in the Western Mediterranean. The Labor opposition strongly urged help to Government legally constituted. But Stanley Baldwin and even Churchill, who opposed the Nazi aggression on every other issue, felt that nothing could be done for helping the Republicans. The behavior of the French government during this period was an enigma to the rest of the world. The Republic was in dire need of more arms but contrary to all expectations the French Popular Front government prohibited all export of arms to Spain on July 25, 1936. This was a violation of an earlier agreement whereby France had undertaken to supply arms to Spain. The British government was steering a middle course. It was unwilling to alienate Italy whose friendship was earnestly sought for as a counterpoise to Nazi Germany. When Blum suggested the formation of a Committee of Non-Intervention it was welcomed. This committee was formed in August 1936, with twenty seven nations. The purpose of the committee was to enforce the agreement reached among powers to hold a ring around Spanish Civil War so that others might not be involved in it and to prevent any military aid on either side. The Fascists power had no intention of letting down Franco and while Britain and France meticulously applied the principle of non-intervention to prohibit export arms to Spain, the rebels received planes, munitions and men from Germany, Italy and Portugal. Thus while the legitimate government of Spain was deprived of all aids from outside and ran short of the sinews of war, in the name of non-intervention, the rebels secured active foreign aid. The League Council passed a resolution in May 1936, and directed all other states not to intervene in the Spanish Civil war. The Fascist powers were now free to act as they liked Spain. Men and arms poured to the rebels while the legitimate government suffered from lack of supply due to the intervention of the Committee of Non-intervention. The dubious role of the Non-Intervention Committee merely provided a shield for Fascist aggression in Spain. Italy and Germany were allowed to strike another blow at the democracies. Next in 1938 he poured troops into Austria and incorporated it in Nazi empire. Till now Italy had been the most effective protector of Austria, but she was now busy with her own acts of aggression in Abyssinia and so did not interfere with a fellow aggressor. The ease with which Hitler had annexed Austria whetted his territorial appetite and encouraged him to further acts of aggression (Paul 59). Czechoslovakia an artificial creation of the peace treaties contained a considerable element of German population. Hitler first began a ‘war of nerves’ by a bombardment of accusation, abuse and menaces and then declared that his patience had been exhausted. He peremptorily demanded that Sudetenland which was predominantly inhabited by the Germans should be ceded to the Reich and that he would take it by force it peaceful means failed. At that time, Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister, tried to persuade Hitler to resist himself. Soon the Munich Pact was signed by the Big Powers and they intended to satisfy Hitler by giving him Sudetenland of Czech-Slovakia. As Fleming observes, â€Å"Nations have often being conquered by enemies, but never before a proud and worthy people been bludgeoned into submission by its own allies† (Fleming 56). Thus, Hitler was encouraged to proceed towards Poland and soon the crisis further aggravated. Original of world war II- having taken Memel Hitler began to mature plans for an assault upon Poland. He demanded the Danzig should be incorporated in the German Reich and the Polish Corridor should be ceded to Germany. This was the last straw. Chamberlain gave up his policy of appeasement and announced that in the event of an aggression on Poland, Great Britain would come to the rescue the Polish government. Thus, when Germany attacked Poland, the Second World War broke out, because Britain and France now realized that the policy of appeasement ended in a fiasco (Ray 112). So long, Hitler had intended to neutralize Britain and had signed a non-aggression Pact with Soviet Russia. Naturally, he thought that now he would find little resistance against his plan of occupying the Polish Corridor. In fact, he desired to localize the the Polish war on which he had set his heart. To isolate Poland, Hitler now attempted to win Great Britain. In a message, delivered verbally to the British Ambassador, Sir Neville Henderson, he expressed his desire to solve in his own way the question of Polish Corridor and Danzig, but at the same time, he pledged himself for the continuance of British Empire. He even expressed his readiness to render German assistance, if required, to Britain. On August 28, the British Government proposed direct negotiation for resolving the differences between Poland and Germany. Hitler in reply demanded that Warsaw should send an emissary with full powers to negotiate with German government. The proposal had no chance of being accepted and the British government in reply sent a counter-proposal of a restoration of normal contact. It was presented by Neville Henderson to Foreign Minister Ribbentrop on August 30. On September 1, the German army marched into the Polish territory to execute ‘Case White’. A last-minute effort for peace by Mussolini failed and the Anglo-French Powers declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939. Conclusion Thus, the outbreak of the Second World War was not at all a surprising affair. In fact, the Big Powers pursued different policies in self interest and when their unity was badly needed, they differed with from one another. Soviet Russia alone emphasized on the policy of a united stand, because it believed in the doctrine ‘peace is indivisible’. However, the capitalist countries like Britain and France talked with it for common safety but, in reality, they adopted a half-hearted policy. While France was directly involved in a rivalry with Germany, Britain intended to keep a safe distance. As Winston Churchill, the former British Prime Minister, held â€Å"Clemenceau or Poincare would have left Mr. Baldwin no option† (Churchill 154). In other words, France intended to fight against German militarism, but Chamberlain was not ready to join it. America was outside the league at that time, and hence, it had no responsibility to prevent the Global War. The Spanish Civil War and the weakness of France actually encouraged Hitler to continue his aggressive policy (Fleming, The Origin of the Cold War, 62). Moreover, Italy and Japan were longing for some territorial advantage against the wishes of the Western Powers. In such circumstances, a Global War was the only inevitability.

Bebop Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Bebop Research Paper Essay Bebop music was the next evolutionary change of Jazz music that succeeded swing music. This paper’s aim is look at musicians who impacted this era, exploring more in depth Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker. In the early 1940’s, the swing bands began to all sound the same as well as work along predictable chord changes.1 The music was now not used for dancing. Some people believed that this would let the music go away from the elite social groups, and now be for everybody. Also just because a musician could play swing music well, there was no guarantee that the same musician would be able to perform Bebop. This new style of music was defined through adventurous soloists such as Dizzy Gillespie. Although swing music did have some creativity, in Bebop the chorus was done once at the beginning and once at the end, the middle was mostly up to the soloist’s creativity and inventiveness. Bebop music really took hold during the years of American involvement in WWII. During this time there was a major strike from the Musicians Union because they wanted more money from labels because of money lost on free radio.2 The strike led to musicians jamming with each other and not being able to record. Since there was a lack of recorded material for the music, when recording started again, and people heard Bebop they were very taken aback. They had no warning that this new style of music was being created, let alone how different it was from swing. The musical style itself differed quite a lot from anything that had ever been done in Jazz up until this point. Along with the chorus only being repeated at the end of a musical number, there were fast tempos, asymmetrical phrasing, and intricate melodies. The only things that held Bebop together were underlying harmonies that were played by the rhythm section. Other then this, most of the music ended up being improvisational as discussed earlier. The chord progression which was used for the music was actually not much different from the swing era, but the melody was new and much more complex. At the end of the Bebop era, musicians were using harmonic substitutions instead chords. This style and era of Jazz took people by surprise. The music was different, unique, and really let the musicians express who they were as Jazz musicians. Dizzy Gillespie was born John Birks Gillespie in South Carolina on October 21, 1917.3 He was youngest of nine children. His childhood was not one that he wanted to remember much. His father was very abusive towards him and his siblings. â€Å"I was scared, scared of my father. He was super austere, and never showed any emotion. He’d give me a whipping every Sunday morning, me and my brothers,† said Dizzy speaking of his childhood. 4 Gillespie got into a lot of trouble as a child. But at the age of ten or so, an English teacher introduced him to music, which lead him to joining the school band. 5 He 3 Alyn Shipton, Groovin High: The life of Dizzy Gillespie, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, 6 started his young music career playing the trombone. The instrument changed once he borrowed a neighbor’s trumpet for the first time.6 Dizzy began playing in the loc al bands all around town. After his younger years, Gillespie attended a school that was a boarding school and day college, called the Laurinburg Institute in North Carolina. 7 While he was there it is thought that he was struggling for money for clothes. Although tuition and board was covered for him, he had worked in the field to make extra money. 8 Dizzy Gillespie’s mother moved up to Philadelphia while he was at the end of his career at the Laurinburg Institute and moved up to be with her in 1935.9 He began playing in bands about Philly and in the area. This was done for a few years between 1935-1937, before he moved up to New York City.10 While he was in Philadelphia he got his reputation and subsequently his nickname, â€Å"Dizzy†. He was known for the unpredictable nature in which he would play the trumpet and act outside of performing. When he arrived in New York City, he was hired by the Teddy Hill Orchestra for a European tour.11 Before being hired, Dizzy was playing around town and making a name for himself. There he lived with his brother in an apartment in New York City. He went out all night so that his brother could come home form working all day and go to sleep. Gillespie’s first recordings were with the Teddy Hill Orchestra Band. After being with Hill for a few years, Gillespie joined Cab Calloway in the summer of 1939. 13 They played at the Cotton Club but Calloway was touring a lot. This gave Dizzy the opportunity to develop his musicianship through style and knowledge through playing at all night jam sessions. Then, in 1942, Gillespie joined Earl â€Å"Fatha† Hines band. Unfortunately, in 1943, lots of band members left, including Dizzy Gillespie. He began to form his own bands that started by opening at Onyx Club on 52nd St in New York City.14 Dizzy had begun to play â€Å"bebop† in 1940, and was now able to do it full time. The venue became a hot spot for this new evolutional sound in Jazz. In 1956 Gillespie and his band went on a state department tour of the Middle East, which earned another nickname â€Å"Ambassador of Jazz†. He continued to work as a Jazz ambassador for the rest of his career, going to Cuba in 1977, and working with United Nations Orchestra. At the end of his life he took up educating young musicians. He unfortunately died from pancreatic cancer in 1993. He left us with a new style of music, and left his mark by helping educate a new generation of Jazz musicians. Another great artist, and considered the second founder of Bebop was Charlie Parker. He grew up in Kansas City, Kansas. Parker was raised here until he was seven years old and then his family moved to Kansas City, Missouri that was thriving culturally at the time.15 It was an important city for African-American music as well. Parker had his irst bout with music in public schools in Kansas City, Missouri.16 In high school, Charlie Parker began by playing the baritone horn, then later on switched to the alto saxophone in 1933, which he stuck with. At the age of 15, the determined in yet not very talented yet, Parker left school to pursue his music career. The young man had a hard time at first getting yelled at by fellow band members, and then practicing for fifteen hours a day.17 From 1935 to 1939 he worked in Kansas City playing with local groups developing his talent through practice and performance.18 In 1939 Charlie Parker moved from Kansas City to New York City. When he arrived he worked as a dishwasher and attended jam sessions during the nights.19 While he was in New York City, he ended up meeting trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie. He would end up collaborating and working with Gillespie to create what we now know as Bebop.20 From 1940-1942 Charlie Parker played in Jay McShann’s that toured in the southwest and Chicago, and then recorded with them in Dallas.21 At this time, the recordings were more swing-based and were also made for broadcasting.22 In 1942 he joined Earl Hines band, this would prove to be a great move because him and Gillespie together were able 16 Ken Burns, Charlie Parker, to experiment. As this â€Å"big band† style of music began to decline, the up-beat improvisational style of Parker began to show. This style of Jazz caught on with the younger generations of musicians throughout the 1940’s and 1950’s. Parker’s success was cut short because of addiction. When he was a child, he had an accident that he got addicted to morphine from. In 1951, he had his cabaret license revoked.23 Parker was banned from performing at nightclubs and later attempted suicide twice, and died in 1955. As one of the founders of Bebop, Charlie Parker contributed quality work in Jazz for the future generations. When he was playing, the older generations did not take to his new form of Jazz, now people look back and call him and innovator. Max Roach is another great innovator, and is one of the best jazz percussionists to ever play. Roach grew up in Brooklyn in a house that was already full of music. His mother was a gospel singer and began to play instruments in gospel bands when he was 10 years old.24 The first instrument he played was the bugle, and then later switched to the drums. When he was 16 he played in his first big performance, he substituted in Duke Ellington’s band. 25 When he was 18, he began going down to 52nd street and 78th street to begin jamming with other Jazz musicians. He was influenced by Kenny Clarke and was one of the few bebop drummers of the time. Roach would keep time on the cymbal instead of the bass drum, as swinger drummers did.26 This technique allowed for more 23 Burns  space to create rhythmic accompaniment. Throughout his career, Max Roach played with all the greats of the Bebop jazz style. He was able to play with Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Thelonius Monk, Coleman Hawkins, and Bud Powell.27 Roach actually played on most of the recordings of Charlie Parker, including Savoy 1945, an important turning point in recorded Jazz.28 He also played on Miles Davis’s recording Birth of the Cool in 1950 and Jazz at Massey Hall in 1952.29 Max Roach is the percussionist who took Bebop took the next level and is one of the best percussionists there was in Bebop jazz. Miles Davis, born in 1926, came from middle class beginnings and was raised outside of St Louis.30 His mother raised him in an integrated in an integrated suburb and began music through playing trumpet after his father bought him one. Davis’ first teacher encouraged him to play the trumpet unlike Louis Armstrong and Roy Eldridge, using straight, vibratoless tones.31 After a visit by Billy Ecksteins Band to St Louis, which included Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker, he applied to the Julliard School of Music in New York City in 1944. Some people say that he only went there to find his idol Charlie Parker.32 The formal teaching at Julliard was not enough for Davis and he ended up 27 All About Jazz seeking out Jazz clubs such as the Savoy and Minton’s. He joined Charlie Parker in live appearances and recordings between 1945 and 1948.33 In 1948, Miles Davis started his own Bebop groups. He participated in a workshop with arranger Gil Evans. This led to collaborations with Gerry Mulligan, John Lewis, and Johnny Carisi, which ended up being recordings. They were recorded for Capitol under Davis’ name and later reissued as Birth of the Cool. 34 Miles Davis career at this point was marred by a heroine addiction. He was unable to perform much and when he did, it was with inferior accompanists, and performed infrequent recordings for labels. Miles Davis did not spearhead the Bebop movement as Parker or Gillespie did, but he was nonetheless very important in the Jazz revolution of the time. Davis’ jazz is some of the best in the 20th century. Thelonius Monk was a Jazz pianist who helped spur bebop during the height of this new revolutionary sound. Monk was born in 1917 in Rocky Mount, North Carolina.35 He grew up with a piano in his house, and that became his first exposure to music at a very young age. He taught himself how to read music when he was five or six by looking over his sisters shoulder as she was rec eiving music lessons.36 Before Monk was ten years old, his family moved to New York City, near the Hudson River. His father left his family after becoming ill and moving back south, leaving Monk’s mom to raise him and his siblings. She was able to get him a piano when he was eleven and he began taking formal lessons at this point.37 He started playing piano in the church choir which is mother sang in, while also being surrounded by the Jazz scene in New York City. In 1939, Monk created his first jazz group.38 Monk’s first notable moment was in 1940 when he was hired at Minton’s Playhouse in Harlem as the house pianist. 39 While at Minton’s he was able to playwith the house quartet, and got to play with Jazz pianist Bud Powell, Roy Eldridge, and Don Byas. In 1944, Theolnius Monk made his first visit to the recording studio as a part of the Coleman Hawkin’s Quartet. 40 In 1944 he also recorded Round About Night, and ended up joining Dizzy Gillespie’s Orchestra and playing on 52nd street at Spotlite Club.41 Then in 1947, Monk made recordings under his own name in a sextet session for Blue Note. Thelonius Monk was falsely arrested in 1951 for narcotics possession.42 He had his cabaret license taken away from him therefore inhibiting him from playing in the Jazz clubs in New York City. He played in out of town gigs and made some records for Prestige Label during this time.43 Then in 1954 he traveled across the Atlantic Ocean to play in the Paris Jazz Festival. While there he recorded his first solo album for Vogue, which would prove to be the way people would remember him, as one of the most imaginative solo pianists. The Bebop era was filled with musicians that are still talked about today as having great influence on 20th century music. Bebop let jazz artists express themselves through extended solos that were not very common yet. Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker really took the scene abruptly and changed the way one can play jazz. This evolution in Jazz evoked fast tempos, asymmetrical phrasing, and rhythm sections expanding their roles in the band. The Bebop era gave listeners great Jazz in an evolutionary style, that people still enjoy today.

King Henry VIII of England: Wives and Legacy

King Henry VIII of England: Wives and Legacy Outline Henry VIII Reigned as king of England from the 21st of April in 1509 until his death on 28thof January in 1547, King Henry VIII who ruled for 37 years and 282 days was the second son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. His older brother Arthur, Prince of Wales got married to Catherine of Aragon in 1501 when Henry was 10 years old. Soon after Arthurs wedding, his wife, Catherine, and he went to live in Wales, seeing that was tradition for the heir to the throne. However, four months after their marriage began, it ended with Arthurs death. Later on, An agreement was signed that would allow Catherine to marry the next heir to the throne which was Prince Henry. Until then, Catherines parents, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain would send over 100,000 crowns worth of plate and gold as a wedding gift and Henry would pay the agreed upon dowry. It was viewed as necessary for a papal dispensation to be issued permitting Henry to marry Catherine, as she was his dead brothers wife, and this marriage was illegal in Leviticus. At the time Catherine denied that her marriage to Arthur had even been accomplished so no dispensation was needed. However, permission from the pope was wanted and received due to both parties in Spain and England who wanted to be sure of the legitimacy of the marriage. Arthurs death caused Henry to be the upcoming king in a very young age and that Henry was shy of 18 years old, but he did prepare himself for this situation after his brothers death. When people hear the name Henry VIII they would not want to see an 18 year old boy so he was not what people really expected. Henry was not the heavy and ill kind of person in his later years. Instead in his youth, he was handsome and athletic. He was tall as well as he had a bright red-gold cap of hair and beard balding and unhealthy man that is often remembered. Henrys marital career is probably the thing that he is most known for. Shortly after becoming king, Henry VIII took Catherine of Aragon as his bride on 11 June 1509. King Henry had inherited  £1.5 million pounds from his father and had succeeded in the first peaceful transition of power after the Wars of the Roses. He then brought a youth and vigor to the court that had long been lacking and that Henry dreamed of glory beyond the hunt and argues. Catherine of Aragon Wife # 1 Catherine of Aragon was rased in a family of kings and queens and she was intended to become one herself. As she was about four years old she was betrothed to the future king of England. After her first husband dies, Catherine of Aragon by 1505 married Henry VIII. She satisfied this destiny. Soon after their marriage, Catherine finds out that she is pregnant, but with a stillborn daughter. Subsequent to that she gave birth to a daughter called Mary. But Henry was scared that hell die before having a boy to take his name after him and at the same time Catherine could not really produce a male heir. After all she became a victim of Henry VIIIs inability to produce a male heir. For this reason, she was removed from her throne and her marriage annulled. Although, maybe not the most memorable of Henry VIIIs wives, she certainly had left a mark on history. Anne Boleyn Wife # 2 In 1528, Anne showed real interest in religious reform and may have gave some of her ideas to Henry, and gaining the hatred of some members of the Court. The legal argues about the marriage of Henry and Catherine of Aragon continued on. Anne was no doubt frustrated by the lack of progress. Her famous anger and tongue showed themselves at times in famous arguments between her and Henry for all the court to see. Anne feared that Henry might go back to Catherine if the marriage could not be annulled and Anne would have wasted time that she could have used to make an advantageous marriage. Sometime near the end of 1532, Anne finally gave way and by December she was pregnant. To avoid any questions of the legitimacy of the child, Henry was forced into action. Sometime near St. Pauls Day, Anne and Henry were secretly married. Although the Kings marriage to Catherine was not dissolved, in the Kings mind it had never existed in the first place, so he was free to marry whomever he wanted. On May 23, the Archbishop officially proclaimed that the marriage of Henry and Catherine was invalid. Anne later on recognized that it was urgent that she produce a son. By January of 1534, she was pregnant again, but the child was either miscarried or stillborn. In 1535, she became pregnant again but miscarried by the end of January. The child was reported to have been a boy. The Queen was quite upset, and blamed the miscarriage on her state of mind after hearing that Henry had taken a fall in jousting. She had to have known at this point that her failure to produce a living male heir was a threat to her own life, especially since the Kings fancy for one of her ladies-in-waiting, Jane Seymour, began to grow. Although Anne gave birth to a girl named Elizabeth, she got executed since she could not produce a male heir so he can come after the king. Jane Seymour- Wife # 3 In September 1535, the King stayed at the Seymour family home in Wiltshire, England. It may have been there that the king noticed Jane. Henrys love for Jane was secretly made that no one noticed but until February of 1536. By that point, Jane probably pegged to be in a position such as the one Anne was in as a queen, and that she would love to replace her, while Henrys unconcern in Anne was obvious. Within 24 hours of Anne Boleyns execution, Jane Seymour and Henry VIII were formally betrothed. On the 30th of May, Henry and Jane were married. Jane never had a coronation, unlike Henrys previous two Queens. King Henry was waiting for Jane to prove herself by giving him a son. It was not until early 1537 that Jane became pregnant. During her pregnancy, Janes every whim was indulged by the King Henry was convinced that Jane, whom he felt to be his first true wife, carried his long hoped for son. In October, a prince was born at Hampton Court Palace and was christened on 15th of October. T he baby was named Edward. Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, was godmother and Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn, also played a role in the ceremony. Jane attended her sons christening, although she was weak. She died on October 24th, just two weeks after her son was born. Anne of Cleves- Wife #4 Henry VIII remained single for more than two years after his beloved, Jane Seymours death. Maybe he was giving some acceptance to the thought that he lost his previous wife, Jane Seymour. Henrys first marriage had been a foreign alliance of sorts, although it is almost certain that the two were truly in love for some time. His next two brides were love matches and Henry could have had little or no monetary or political gain from them. Henry did also want to be sure he was getting a desirable bride, so he had agents in foreign courts report to him on the appearance and other qualities of various candidates. He also sent painters to bring him images of these women. Hans Holbein was sent to the court of the Duke of Cleves, who had two sisters, Amelia and Anne. Holbein painted the sisters of the Duke of Cleves and Henry decided to have a contract drawn up for his marriage to Anne. At the end, Anne was probably smart enough to know that she would only be making trouble for herself if she raised any obstacles to Henrys attempts to annul the marriage. She testified that the match had not been accomplished and that her previous engagement to the son of the Duke of Lorraine had not been properly broken. So at last she got what she wanted, a divorce. Kathryn Howard Wife # 5 Katherine Parr Wife #6 Edward VI Mary I (and know as Bloody Mary) Mary Tudor is the daughter of King Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon, born on February 18, 1516.she was well educated and was able to speak and write in both Latin and French. Moreover she studied theology and history. At age eleven Mary translated a prayer of St Thomas Aquinas from Latin to English and under the tutelage of Katherine Parr learned to translate Erasmuss Paraphrases of the Gospel of ST John from Latin. One of her hobbies is playing music such as the lute and virginals like pro at an early age. After her father annulled his marriage to her mother in 1533 this had a heavy hearted affection on Mary. The child that was loved and adored by both of her parents wound up in hostile arguments with her father. Henry became a hard hearted man towards the daughter he was supposed to love and she felt she had to be her mothers champion and stand up for her mothers rights. Katherine always made it clear to everyone that she felt that she was the real wife of King Henry VIII and that she would not do anything to endanger her daughters and rightful place on the throne. In 1533 her father secret married Anne Boleyn and they soon expected a child. When her half sister Elizabeth was born on September 7th 1533, Marywas proclaimed a bastard and not eligible to inherit the crown. The favor was then passed on to her younger sister. Marys pride was humiliated even further when she was forced to be a lady in waiting to Elizabeth. Anne mistreated Mary and lowered her self esteem by uttering nasty threats at her and even tried to have her own father sentence her to death. Elizabeth Tudor Henrys second wife Anne Boleyn gave birth to a daughter named Elizabeth, born on September 7th 1533. When she was a year old an act of succession was passed in her favor, which made her heir to the throne in place of her older sister Mary. In her young life Elizabeth had a number of governesses one of whom was Lady Margaret Bryan who had to beg Cromwell for night gowns and chemises for the princess once she grew out of them. Clothes that had been ordered by the princesses mother Anne Boleyn. When Elizabeth was four Margaret Bryan was transferred to the household to become governess to Prince Edward. Elizabeth was taughtmathematics, history, geography, architecture, needlework, dancing, riding and deportment. Elizabeth spoke and read Latin, French, Italian, Flemishand Greek. The princess spent most of her child hood in different royal houses in the northern part of London. The first house in Hatfield was a redbrick palace built by Cardinal John Mortor between 1480 and 1497. As a child Elizabeth rarely visited her father at the palace. Henry VIII would send someone to make inquiries about her health and education. When Elizabeth was eight years old her second cousin Katherine Howard was beheaded for committing adultery which brought back the terrifying way in which her mother died. Henry never intentionally expected her education would prepare her to become Queen. Elizabeth was not beautiful, but she was appealing to the eye. She had inherited her fathers red hair and hooked nose. She inherited her long pale face, pointed chin and witty eyes from her mother. Elizabeth was well composed, well mannered and posed certain gravity and was described as a witty and gentile young lady. She was also a strong minded woman and strived to work hard in everything she did.

Free Essays - Animal Farm :: Animal Farm

ANIMAL FARM   About 80 per-cent of all the animals on Animal Farm completely followed the seven commandments.   The other 20 per-cent of the animals would rarely follow all the rules and they were often treated like a piece of dirt.   All the animals on Animal Farm were treated differently according to their social status, where in today’s society everyone should treat everyone equally.   The characters in Animal Farm had many diverse characteristics, some of the animals were powerful, stupid, and sneaky.   First of all, Napoleon is a huge Berkshire boar and he clearly is the most powerful of all the animals.   He was able to take complete leadership of the farm because he secretly trained the dogs to attack Snowball.   George Orwell writes, â€Å" ‘Never mind the milk, comrades!’ cried Napoleon, placing himself in front of the buckets.   ‘That will be attended to, the harvest is more important’ (817).   Napoleon is quite demanding none of the animal’s even question his authority because they know that he has more control than any other animal.   Throughout the novel Orwell has many quotes that describe Napoleon as a leader, â€Å" ‘long live Comrade Napoleon’ † (846).   All the animals on the farm (no matter what Napoleon did to them) would treat him as a powerful leader and whatever he said they would do.   Often Orwell stirs up controversy about the rebellion, â€Å" ‘forward in the name of the rebellion.à ‚   ‘Long live Animal farm!’ ‘Long live Comrade Napoleon!’ ‘Napoleon is always right.’ Those were his very last words, comrades’ † (849).   Squealer’s letting everyone know that no matter what happens to Animal Farm, just remember that Napoleon was an outstanding leader most of the time.   Napoleon was an outstanding leader and contributor to Animal Farm without his power the farm would have collapsed earlier.   Also, basically all the animals on Animal Farm were pretty dumb, they could not read or write.   After Old Major’s death, just three days after presenting his vision to the animals, Snowball and Napoleon quickly become the leaders in planning for the Rebellion because they were the only animals that were smart enough.   Besides from Napoleon and Snowball all the animals did many stupid things on the farm.   The characters in Animal Farm said a lot of stupid things throughout the whole story, â€Å" ‘He is dead, said Boxer sorrowfully.   ‘I had no intention of doing that.   I forgot that I was wearing iron shoes’ † (822).

Children Are Too Young to Vote :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Children Are Too Young to Vote On February 22, 2004, I finally turned 18. I was an adult. I was supposed to be responsible. I had rights I never had before. And I was old enough to make my own decisions. Although I passed up buying cigarettes, joining the military, and getting a tattoo, I did embrace the chance to vote. I remember walking into the town hall for the first time, filling out my voting card, and feeling the sense of adulthood. When I was sitting there voting I realized how little I actually knew about the candidates. I soon learned these new freedoms and privileges I had should not be taken lightly. Wallace proposal In the essay, â€Å"Give children the vote,† (1998) the author, Vita Wallace argues for the rights of children. Basing her argument on opinion, Wallace presents her own life to explain the gist of her argument. Being a 16 year old, Wallace shares her points of view from this stage in her life, the stage where she is not quite an adult, but feels like she is. Wallace is upset with the lack of freedom given to children, and her claim is focused on children voting. â€Å"What I suggest is that children be allowed to grow into their own right to vote at whatever rate suits them individually,† Wallace states (1998, p.145). In fact, Wallace believes she would have been ready to vote when she was 8 or 9, maybe even sooner. Problems with the proposal Wallace’s voting proposal will not work for several reasons. My own personal story is a prime example why this freedom should not be taken lightly. Even at age 18 I did not realize what voting entailed and the importance in responsibility carried with the freedom to vote. Watching the news, reading the newspapers, and keeping updated on the latest debates was not my cup of tea. Research needs to be done to have adequate knowledge to vote. By voting, we are literally choosing who will run our country, our state, and our city. I was scared to think of this responsibility when I was 18. I could not imagine an eight year old making those decisions. Putting the future into the hands of children 17 years old and younger will not make the situation better.

David Hume’s Treatment of Mind Essay -- Philosophy Papers

This paper critically examines Hume’s argument against the knowledge/existence of substantival mind. This denial is rooted in his epistemology which includes a theory of how complex ideas which lack corresponding impressions are manufactured by the imagination, in conjunction with the memory, on the basis of three relations among impressions: resemblance, continuity and constant conjunction. The crux of my critique consists in pointing out that these relations are such that only an enduring, unified agent could interact with them in the way Hume describes. I note that Hume attempts to provide such an agent by invoking the activities of imagination and memory, but that it is unclear where these belong in his system. After discussing the relevant possibilities, I conclude that there is no category within the limits of his system that can accommodate the faculties and allow them to do the work Hume assigned to them. I then note that Hume’s rejection of substantival mind re sts upon the assumption that something like substantival mind exists; for the action of the latter is required for the proper functioning of the process of fabrication which creates the fictitious notion of substantival mind. My concluding argument is that if the existence of substantival mind is implicit in Hume’s argument against substantival mind, then his argument resembles an indirect proof, and ought to be considered as evidence for, rather than against, the existence of substantival mind. It is well known that David Hume rejected any idea of a 'substance of the mind' that would account for, among other things, personal identity. I will attempt to show that Hume's argument against the existence of substantival mind presupposes that such an entity actually ... ...ated into complex by chance, should at the level of impressions have recourse to no other 'agent'. One is inclined to wonder why Hume thought it impossible that ideas should be constantly associated by chance into the same ordered pattern that we apprehend in experience, but that it is not impossible for impressions to be thus associated. (15) Hume, Treatise of Human Nature, i. iv. v. (16) Ibid., i. iv. v. Hume's maxim "all that is distinct is separable" and the outright neglect, in both Locke and Hume, of the modal distinction are points that cry out for criticism. However, as the thrust of this paper is limited, these will have to be covered more thoroughly elsewhere. (17) Ibid., i. iv. vi. (18) Ibid., i.iv.vi. (19) Ibid., i. iv. v. (20) Ibid., i. i. iv.; cf. note xi. (21) Copleston, Frederick, S.J.; A History of Philosophy, Vol. VIII, p.120.

Ethical modifications on marketing relations Essay

In this paper I will analyze and assess legal and ethical modifications on marketing relations as it relates to both consumers and organizations. This research will analyze three to five ethical issues that relates to marketing and advertising, intellectual property, and regulation of product safety. The discussion of arguing for or against Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) marketing by drug companies will also be analyze. This paper will also determine who regulates compounding pharmacies under the current regulatory scheme, what the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) could/should have done in the PharmaCARE scenario and whether the FDA should be granted more power over compounding pharmacies. Throughout this paper the decision on whether PharmaCARE’s use of Colberian intellectual property would be ethical in accordance with: Utilitarianism, Deontology, Virtue ethics, Ethics of care, and my own moral / ethical compass will be discussed. There will be an analysis discussed on the way PharmaCARE uses U.S. law to protect its own intellectual property while co-opting intellectual property in Colberia. A discussion will be determined at least three ways the company could compensate the people and nation of Colberia for the use of its intellectual property and the damage to its environment. Compare PharmaCARE’s actions with those of at least one real-world company whose creativity in skirting legal technicalities led to ethical lapses and financial loss. Be able to determine the success PharmaCARE and WellCo shareholders would have in suits against the companies. Determine whether or not PharmaCARE lives up to its brand. Recommend at least three changes PharmaCARE can make to be more ethical going forward. Ethical Issues Ethical issues are situations or problems that calls for a person to choose between two alternatives. In marketing and advertising ethical issues can arise when advertising weakens or undermines personal autonomy. Also, it promotes consumption as way of life and it destroys credence in the written or spoken word (Ethics, 2013). In intellectual property it creates a monopoly for firms and enables them to charge prices for their innovations that are more than the marginal cost of the production. When valuable products are given intellectual property protection this creates an ethical issues (Sonderholm, 2010). In regulation of product safety everyone within  the company are expected to act and abide by the company’s Code of Ethics or conduct (McBain and Balassone, 2012). As a result, of the ethical theories being used throughout this paper, one can see how the drug companies are important and what they need to do in order to obtain and maintain their clientele. The different t heories applied throughout this paper have discussed how important the theories are and how they can interrelated to better understand how drug companies operate. Overall, the drug companies should use the distributive justice theory to provide and distribute health care evenly to all individuals. Direct-to-Consumer There have been several different theories used to either argue for or against Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) marketing by drug companies. The ever increasing cost of health will continue to present health care issues and ethical challenges that will result in a better understanding of how to use ethical tools when looking for the best drug companies for an individual. Therefore, ethical theories and principles will help to focus on the clearer direction one must take in order to make a decision about one’s future. Regulates Food and Drug Administration State boards of pharmacy typically regulate compounding by pharmacies, but federal legislation also plays a role. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) could have force PharmaCARE to shutdown because of how they were operating. They were operating under extreme working conditions. The people in Colberia were being exploited (hazardous working environment) and taking advantage of (wages). This type of working environment is unethical. The FDA will continue to provide proactive and for-cause inspections of compounding pharmacies, and FDA plans to take aggressive action, including enforcement actions, as appropriate to protect the public health and the people of Colberia. The FDA should be granted more power over compounding pharmacies because FDA has been conducting inspections of compounding pharmacies for cause and proactively to identify pharmacies with deficient sterile compounding practices. There have been more problems identified at compounding pharmacies across the country and the FDA intends to continue its inspection and enforcement efforts to address these problems, using currently available resources (FDA, 2013). PharmaCARE and Colberian Ethical theories represent the grand ideas on which guiding principles are based. The theories that will be used throughout this paper will discuss how important ethical theory is and when implement in a company how effective they will be for the company. The use of utilitarian refers to all action should be directed toward achieving the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. In other words, the utilitarian approach implies that insurance companies should insure some type of insurance to all people because this makes unhealthy people healthier sooner than without insurance due to the cost and high price of physicians. The stakeholder’s theory implies that business ethics discussions are based on the responsibilities of the decisions from managers and executives (Luxury, 2007). Deontology Virtue ethics Ethics of care Own moral and ethical compass In Kant’s categorical imperative, he refers to how everyone should be treated as a free person and should be equal to everyone else (Luxury, 2007). Therefore, drug companies should not choose to do the same thing for the same reason for all their patients. In using adverse selection, it refers to how different individuals that are on one side of the market have better information than the other individuals do on the other side of the market (Luxury, 2007). The drug companies will offer the wealthy a cheaper price over the poor and this type of behavior is unethical. Therefore, the poor will start doing things that makes it hard for them to obtain the products from the drug companies. Health care is necessary to meet everyone’s health needs and thus to promote equality of opportunity, which is such an important value in American political culture. According to Childress (2000), he states that Dan Brock’s interpretation of health care is, â€Å"While health careâ €™s impact on people’s well being is fundamental to why justice requires that it be available to all, it is possible to capture most of this impact of health care under the concept of opportunity. It is health care’s role in promoting equality of opportunity that makes ensuring access to health care for all a fundamental requirement of justice† (30). Analyze PharmaCARE PharmaCARE uses the U.S. law to protects its own intellectual property by ensuring that the patents, copyrights and trademarks are protected. This enables people and other organizations to earn recognition or financial benefits from what they create or produce. Although, these rights extends only to the U.S. anyone who desires to patent, copyright or trademark protection in other countries will have to apply for to patent, copyright or trademark in each country that they choice because each country has their own patent, copyright and trademark law (Intellectual, 2013). Compensate the people of Colberia PharmaCare can compensate the people and nation of Colberia by cleaning up the environment such as using safe and healthy products to eliminate the hardzarous chemical smell and spill. They can offer the employees better wages and health insurance. By offering better wages for the people this can help them continue pour in revenue for their country, helping the country to begin to prosper. The company can also make the working conditions in the building better so that the employees will be able to come to work in a healthier working environment. If all of these suggestions are completed then the people and nation of Colberia can start to live a better life. Real Word Company Hospira manages it task environment in accordance with setting goals and working to meet the goals of the organization (Thompson, 2007). When the pharmaceutical company sets a safety goal is regards to OSHA’s goal, then they work vigoursly towards maintaining this goal, so they will not be in violation. They believe that this is a unique opportunity for human resource to step in and take the lead in developing tools and capabilities. This will help to identify and strike down on barriers that keep employees from doing their very best. According to Sullivan (2006), the challenges that need to be address are how to increase the output volume that the organization faces on a daily basis; what would be an innovation for continuous improvement; and what would the employee recommend to the organization for improvement and change.The critical part for human resources is being able to align  their mission and priorities of the organization and engaging the minds of employees in thei r work (Pomeroy, 2006). The challenges that need to be addressed are in organizational design, hiring the most talented person and moving people around to different locations. Success PharmaCare and WellCo The shareholders of PharmaCARE would have a stockholder’s derivative action against them because of the improper management of the company. According to Hill and Hill (1985-2005) stockholder’s derivative action is a lawsuit governed by corporation’s shareholders to help protect the corporation and shareholder’s benefits against any wrongdoings and improper management from the corporation. The shareholders of WellCo. have a stockholder’s action against PharmaCARE for failure to provide due diligence before the transaction of purchase took place. The company failed to provide all the necessary information to WellCo. and in return WellCo. is now responsible for all of the assets and liabilities that PharmaCARE created before the purchase. PharmaCARE is now free from all of the debt and liability the company created therefore, PharmaCARE success depends on the company’s continued products that are delivered to their clients without the adverse re actions of the development and marketing product of AD23. PhamaCARE brand The following information will determine why PharmaCARE lives up to its brand. When talking about the rational system perspective, PharmaCARE portrays their ability in this way because they enforces a strong urge for growth and with their concise and clear goals set, they have proven this and is maintaining their status. They have become a great organization by ensuring their rules and regulations are enforced (Scott and Davis, 2007). In the natural system perspective, they have highly motivated individuals who are willing to work harder and smarter to obtain a clear since of pride (Scott and Davis, 2007). They focus on their mission and vision statement and they stand by it in order for them and the organization to be prosperous. In the open system perspective, PharmaCARE has maintained the change and have grown to an organization of pride and prestige. They still invest in the right product and ensure they spend their money on profitable means. Therefore, making it cheaper for cons umers to buy their products and for the organization to make a profit. The major challenges that PharmaCARE  will be facing in the next two to three years will be how they will withstand their financial responsibilities and keeping their clientele. These challenges are most important because as PharmaCARE continues to make products they will continue to be introduced to new clients and they must be able to meet the demands of the clients. Their financial responsibilities comes into play when they have to try to come up with new products and if they are already over budget then the new products will not be able to be completed. In addition, by PharmaCARE trying to keep up with other pharmaceutical companies and clientele, this leads to the employees working longer hours and are not compensated for their work. This situation can end up with some of PharmaCARE’s employees leaving to work for the competition. Therefore, PharmaCARE must ensure that their financial and client responsibilities are met in order for PharmaCARE to stay a successful organization and meets the needs of their employees. PharmaCARE has implemented a human resource department and they focus on continued success within the organization. Although, the human resource department is a department of its’ own, this department runs the organization because everything must go through this department for any changes. Therefore, the change in thi s human resource department for PharmaCARE would be in the best interest for this organization. Recommendation I recommend the following actions for change with PharmaCARE for strategic purposes. They are analyzing, forecasting, planning, implementing and evaluating. In analyzing the overall workforce, planning system should be well thought out, systematic and documented. The effectiveness of planning depends on the detail, accuracy and reliability of the information sources. It is important to identify all factors that could influence future demand for outputs service as well as competencies of the internal and external supply of labor (Scott and Davis, 2007). Information that is gathered during the analyzing phase must be reliable and accurate. In forecasting, PharmaCARE should consider the future needs of the organization. One of the most useful outcomes is the identification of potential problems or issues facing the organization. The data collected from the information sources should help develop a gap analysis and emergent strategies to manage the future. It involves the identification of any predicted changes and  developments that may result from a demand and supply chain (Thompson, 2007). In planning, strategies initiatives, programs and policies should be developed to address the gaps within PharmaCARE. This will ensure that the recruitment and development will be critical of a needed staff for a successful workforce plan. In implementing, it is critically important to put together an implementation plan to carry out the planned activities included in the workforce plan. According to Scott and Davis (2007), this will be the process for using all the information gathered and devising a plan to execute the new strategies. In evaluating, there should be an evaluation of the workforce plan because this is imperative in determining if the devised strategies are addressing the gaps specified. It is important to obtain feedback concerning the effectiveness of outcomes from the plan. PharmaCARE should design a plan that would be more effective in the managerial and business aspect of the organization. A logical implementation plan for a human resource program for PharmaCARE would be to offer a new set of curriculum and qualifications opportunities that is truly built around the needs and as pirations of each employee. By matching the best employees in the organization, PharmaCARE would allow all employees to have opportunities to learn in ways, which motivate and pushes them to work harder for a successful and well deserve future (Mathis and Jackson, 2006). PharmaCARE’s human resource program works in the area of development, such that managers are mentors to supervisors. This allows growth and knowledge within the organization. PharmaCARE prides itself in being a successful organization and will be served better with the right approach to the implementation initiative. Human resources will have more flexibility in hiring, supporting and managing their people. PharmaCARE should do the following in order to become a more successful organization. Increased flexibility will strengthen accountability based on transparency, fairness and respect. Human resource management relations will become more collaborative with both management and employees working together to foster a mature, healthy and productive workplace. The goal is to make it easier to attract, hire, support and retain the best people. This is a great opportunity if it is done right, PharmaCARE will be a better place for people to work and will provide better service to th eir employees and customers. References Childress, J.F. (2000). Summary and Synthesis of Papers and Discussion at Ethics in Oral Health Policy Seminar. Retrieved from http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/7E3F3CDF-B133-4503-B8C1-049793F869D9/0/Childress.pdf Ethics of Advertising (2013). Retrieved from http://www.carroll.edu/msmillie/busethics/ethadvertising.htm FDA Implementation of the Compounding Quality Act. (2013). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/PharmacyCompounding/ucm375804.htm Hill, G. & Hill, K. (1981-2005). Shareholder’s Derivative Action. The Free Dictionary. Retrieved from http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/shareholder’s+derivative+action Intellectual Property Law and Policy. (2013). The United States Patent and Trademark Office and Agency of the Department of Commerce. Retrieved from http://www.uspto.gov/ip/ Luxury primary care-market innovation or threat to a ccess? (2007). The New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society, 346(15) 1165-1168. Retrieved from http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/346/15/1165 Mathis, R. & Jackson, J. (2006). Human Resource Management. (11th Ed.). New York. Thomason-South-Western. McBain, J. & Balassone, J (2012). Product Safety Case Studies. Santa Clara University. Retrieved from http://www.scu.edu/ethics/dialogue/candc/cases/product-safety.html Pomeroy, Ann (2006). Society of Human Resource Management. HR Is Mission Critical at the FBI. Volume 51, No.6. Retrieved from SHRM Online http://www.shrm.org/hrmagazine/articles/0606/0606pomeroy.asp Scott, W.R., & Davis, G. (2007). Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural, and open system perspectives. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Sonderholm, J. (2010). Ethical Issues Surrounding Intellectual Property Rights. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2010.00358.x/abstra ct Sullivan, John. (2006). Workforce Management. HR’s New Opportunity: Removing Barriers to Productivity. Retrieved from http://www.workforce.com/section/01/article/24/38/30.html